Instituciones formales e informales
Un análisis jurídico-institucional aplicado a los programas sociales y las cuotas de género en América Latina
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5347/isonomia.v0i55.425Keywords:
institutionalism, informal institutions, institutional analysis, legislative design, gender, clientelismAbstract
Formal and Informal Institutions: A Legal-institutional Analysis Applied to Social Programs and Gender Quotas in Latin America
This article sketches a legal-institutional approach and uses it to examine two problems of Latin American democracies: underrepresentation of women in parliaments and political patronage in the distribution of social programs. First, the article identifies two different types of informal institutions – key in institutional analysis – and their core characteristics. Second, the article studies how informal institutions have affected the efficacy and effectiveness of the legal norms issued to promote gender quotas in parliamentary elections and in what way these have, however, progressed in recent years. Third, it is shown how an adequate design of “Conditional Cash Transfer” distribution programs initially managed to neutralize informal institutions such as clientelism and petty corruption, directly impacting Latin American democracies. Finally, the article proposes some ideas on the relevance of good legislative design and its potential effect in neutralizing undesirable or dysfunctional informal institutions.
References
Abramo, Lais, Simone Cecchini y Beatriz Morales, 2019: Programas sociales de superación de la pobreza e inclusión laboral. Aprendizajes desde América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile, CEPAL.
Aldashev, Gani, Chaara Imane, Jean-Philippe Platteau y Zaki Wahhaj, 2012: “Using the Law to Change the Custom”. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 97, Núm. 2, pp. 182-200.
Arias, Xose y Gonzalo Caballero, 2013: “De la nueva economía institucional al análisis institucional moderno en las ciencias sociales”, en Id. (eds.), Nuevo Institucionalismo, Economía, Gobernanza y Políticas Públicas. Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, pp. 17-40.
Ballington, Jullie y Azza Karam, 2005: Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Estocolmo, IDEA.
Bicchieri, Cristina, 2017: Norms in the Wild. How to Diagnose, Measure and Change Social Norms. New York, Oxford University Press.
________, 2006: The Grammar of Society, The Nature of Dynamics of Social Norms. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Bicchieri, Cristina y Ryan Muldoon, 2011: “Social Norms”, en Zalta (ed.) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2011/entries/social-norms/
Bicchieri, Cristina, Ryan Muldoon y Alessandro Sontuoso, 2018: “Social Norms”, en Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/social-norms/.
Brinks, Daniel M., Steven Levitsky y María V. Murillo, 2019: Understanding Institutional Weakness. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Carruthers, Bruce, 2019: “Institutional Dynamics: When is Change ‘Real Change?’”. Working Paper, Evanston (IL), Northwestern University. Disponible en https://arch.library.northwestern.edu/concern/file_sets/44558d49x?locale=en
Cecchini, Simone y Aldo Madariaga, 2011: Programas de Transferencias Condicionadas. Balance de la experiencia reciente en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile, CEPAL-ONU.
Cecchini Simone y Bernardo Atuesta, 2017: Programas de transferencias condicionadas en América Latina y el Caribe Tendencias de cobertura e inversión. Santiago de Chile, CEPAL-ONU.
Chang, Ha-Joon y Peter Evans, 2007: “El papel de las instituciones en el cambio económico”, en Evans (ed.), Instituciones y desarrollo en la era de la globalización neoliberal. Bogotá, ILSA.
Colson, Elizabeth, 1974: Tradition and Contract: The Problem of Order. Chicago, Adeline.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), 2021: Panorama Social de América Latina, 2020. Santiago de Chile, CEPAL.
Davis, Kevin y Michael Trebilcock, 2008: “The Relationship between Law and Development: Optimists Versus Skeptics”. American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 56, Núm. 4, pp. 895-946.
Dittmar, Kelly, Kira Sanbonmatsu, Susan J. Carroll, Debbie Walsh, y Catherine Wineinger, 2018: Representation Matters, Women in the U.S. Congress. Center for American Women and Politics, Rutgers University and About Political Parity.
Daïeff, Lorenzo, 2016: “Social Policies for Social Polities: How Conditional Cash Transfers are Undermining Traditional Patrons in Northeast Brazil”. Revue Interventions économiques, Núm. 56. Disponible en http://journals.openedition.org/interventionseconomiques/2987
Dworkin, Ronald, 1986: A Matter of Principle. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Elster, Jon, 1989: “Social Norms and Economic Theory”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 3, Núm. 4, pp. 99-117.
Ellikson, Robert, 1991: Order without Law. How Neighbors Settle Disputes. Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press.
Fernández Blanco, Carolina, 2018: Un aporte jurídico a los debates sobre instituciones y desarrollo. Aproximación desde problemáticas compartidas por los países de América Latina. Tesis doctoral, Universitat de Girona. Departament de Dret Privat. Disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482041
________, 2013: Derecho y Desarrollo. Una visión desde América Latina y el Caribe. Buenos Aires, Editores del Puerto.
Gruenberg, Cristian, 2006: “Transformative Participation or Voice Without Influence”, en Carrillo y Gruenberg (eds), Fighting Clientelism: Transparency and Participation in Targeted Social Programs. Buenos Aires, CIPPEC- BID.
Gruenberg, Cristian y Victoria Pereyra Iraola, 2009: “El clientelismo en la gestión de programas sociales contra la pobreza”. Documento de Políticas Públicas Nro. 60. Buenos Aires, CIPPEC.
Guala, Francesco, 2016: Understanding Institutions: The Science and Philosophy of Living Together. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Hart, Herbert L.A., 1961: The Concept of Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Citado por la traducción española de Genaro Carriò: El Concepto de Derecho. Buenos Aires, Abeledo Perrot, 1998.
Helmke, Gretchen y Steven Levitsky, 2006: Informal Institutions and Democracy. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
________, 2004: “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda”. Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, Núm. 4, pp. 725-740.
Hevia de la Jara, Felipe, 2011: “Relaciones Sociedad-Estado, Participación ciudadana y clientelismo político en los programas contra la pobreza. El caso de Bolsa Familia en Brasil”. América Latina Hoy, Núm. 57, pp. 205-238.
________, 2010: “Uso político de programas sociales y nuevos intermediarios institucionales: el Programa Progresa/Oportunidades en el sur de Veracruz”. Desacatos, Núm. 34, pp. 119-132.
Jones, Mark P., Santiago Alles y Carolina Tchintian, 2012: “Cuotas de género, leyes electorales y elección de legisladoras en américa latina”. Revista de Ciencia Política (Santiago), Núm. 32, pp. 331-357.
Laporta, Francisco, 2015: “América Latina: Problemas de vigencia y aplicación del derecho”, en Cruz Moratones, Fernández Blanco y Ferrer Beltrán, Seguridad Jurídica y democracia en Iberoamérica. Madrid/Barcelona, Marcial Pons, pp. 59-92.
Lessig, Lawrence, 1995: “The Regulation of Social Meaning”. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 3, Núm. 62, pp. 943-1045.
McCloskey, Deirdre, 2010: Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can’t Explain the Modern World. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
March, James G., y Johan Olsen, 1989: Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. Nueva York, Free Press.
Méndez, Ruben, 2014: “Una nota crítica a propósito del libro Why Nations Fail. The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty”. Lecturas de Economía, Núm. 80, pp. 211-218.
Moore, Sally, 1973: “Law and Social Change: The Semi-Autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study”. Law and Society Review, Vol. 7, Núm. 4, pp. 719-721.
Nino, Carlos, S., 2005: Un país al margen de la ley, estudio de la anomia como componente del subdesarrollo argentino. 4ta. edición. Barcelona, Ariel.
North, Douglass, 2005: Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
________, 1995: “The New Institutional Economics and Third World Development”, en Harris, Hunter y Lewis (eds), The New Institutional Economic and Third World Development. Londres, Routlegde, pp. 17-26.
________, 1992: “Institutions, Ideology, and Economic Performance”. Cato Journal, Vol. 11, Núm.3, pp. 477-487.
________, 1991: “Institutions”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, Núm. 1, pp. 97-112.
________, 1990: Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
O´Donnell, Guillermo, 2006: “On Informal Institutions. Once again”, en Helmke y Levitsky (eds.), Informal Institutions and Democracy. Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press, pp. 285-289.
________, 2002: “Las Poliarquias y la (in)efectividad de la ley en América Latina”, en Méndez, O'Donnell y Pinheiro (eds.) La (in)efectividad de la ley y la exclusión en América Latina. Buenos Aires, Paidos.
Ostrom, Elinor, 2000: “Collective Action and Evolution of Social Norms”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 14, Núm. 3, pp. 137-158.
Pejovich, Svetozar, 1999: “The Effects of the Interaction of Formal and Informal Institutions on Social Stability and Economic Development”. Journal of Markets and Development, Vol. 2, Núm. 2, pp. 164-181.
Pistor, Katherina, 2019: The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Pistor, Katherina, Antara Haldar y Amrit Amirapu, 2010: “Social Norms, Rule of Law, and Gender Reality: An Essay on the Limits of the Dominant Rule of Law Paradigm”, en Heckman, Nelson y Cabatingan (eds.), Global Perspectives on the Rule of Law. Abingdon, Routledge, pp. 241-278.
Postema, Gerald, 2012: “Conformidad, costumbre y congruencia: repensando la eficacia del Derecho”, en Kramer, Grant, Colburn y Hatzistavrou, A. (comps), El legado de H.L.A. Hart. Madrid, Marcial Pons, pp. 79-104.
Przeworski, Adam, 2004: “The Last Instance: Are Institutions the Primary Cause of Economic Development?”. Archives of European Sociology, Vol. XVI, Núm. 2, pp. 168-199.
Richman, Barak D., 2012: “Norms and Law: Putting the Horse before the Cart”. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 62, Núm. 3, pp. 739–766.
Sawer, Marion, Manon Tremblay y Linda Trimble (eds.), 2006: Representing Women In Parliament: A Comparative Study. Londres, Routledge.
Schauer, Frederick, 2015: The Force of Law. Cambridge, Oxford University Press. Citado por la traducción española de Pablo Ariel Rapetti: Fuerza de Ley. Lima, Palestra, 2018.
Schröter, Barbara, 2010: “Clientelismo político: ¿existe el fantasma y cómo se viste?”. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, Vol. 72, Núm. 1, pp. 141-175.
Sen, Amartya, 2009: The Idea of Justice. Cambridge (Mass.), The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
________, 2003: “Missing Women Revisited”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 327, pp. 1297-1298.
________, 2000: Development as Freedom. New York, Anchor. Citado por la traducción española de Esther Rabasco y Luis Toharia: Desarrollo y Libertad. Madrid, Planeta.
________, 1992: “Missing Women”, British Medical Journal, Vol. 304, pp- 587-588.
________, 1990: “More than 100 Million Women are Missing”, The New York Review of Books, Núm. 37, December, 20. https://nybooks.com/articles/1990/12/20/more-than-100-million-women-are-missing/
Siavelis, Peter, 2006: “Accommodating Informal Institutions and Chilean Democracy”, en Helmke y Levitsky (eds.), Informal Institutions and Democracy. Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Press, pp. 33-55.
Strahilevitz, Lior J., 2000: “How Change in Property Regimes Influences Social Norms: Commodifying California´s Carpool Lanes”. Indiana Law Review, Vol. 75, Núm. 4, pp. 1232-1296.
Swamy, Arun R., 2016: “Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Conditional Cash Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines”, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, Vol. 35, Núm. 1, pp. 59–90.
Trebilcock, Michael y Mariana Mota Prado, 2014: Advanced Introduction to Law and Development. Northampton (Mass.), Edward Elgar Publishing.
________, 2009: “Path Dependence, Development and the Dynamics of Institutional Reform”. University of Toronto Law Journal, Vol. 59, Núm. 3, pp. 341-379.
Trubek, David y Alvaro Santos (eds.), 2006: The New Law and Economic Development. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Trubek, David, 2014: “Law and Development: 40 Years after Scholars in Self Estrangement – A Preliminary Review”, Legal Studies Research Paper Series Paper No. 1255. Wisconsin, Wisconsin Law School. Disponible en https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2435190.
Ullmann-Margalit, Edna, 1990: “Revision of Norms”. Ethics, Vol. 100, Núm. 4, pp. 756-767.
Williamson, Claudia, 2009: “Informal Institutions Rule: Institutional Arrangements and Economic Performance”. Public Choice, Vol. 139, Núm. 3, pp. 371-387.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ITAM, the publisher, has the copyright of published articles and remaining types of publications. Publications are in open access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. That means, among other things, that authors can freely share their articles, once published in Isonomía, on their personal web pages, Academia.edu, etc.. Between formal acceptance and online publication, authors can share the final drafts of their articles. In contrast, authors must seek permission to reproduce or reprint work, and mention, in the first footnote, "previously published in Isonomía, year, n. x, pp. xx-xx"..
