¿Debería ser delito sobornar a un funcionario público? Un análisis consecuencialista
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5347/isonomia.v0i54.423Keywords:
active bribery, decriminalization, consequentialism, empirical studiesAbstract
Should it be a Crime to Bribe a Public Officer? A Consequentialist Approach
The paper analyzes the approach that promotes the decriminalization of the behavior of offering bribes as a way to deter the acceptance of bribes by public officers. In general, this proposal is based on the argument that, if active bribery is not a crime, due to the fear of being reported by the bribers, from the beginning, officers would refrain from requesting or accepting the payment of bribes. After discussing different theoretical and empirical studies on the problem, it is argued that while in some cases decriminalization of active bribery is convenient, in others there are reasons to expect that it would be a counterproductive measure, since it would lead to an increase in both the offer and acceptance of bribes.
References
Abbink, Klaus, Utteeyo Dasgupta, Lata Gangadharan y Tarun Jain, 2014: “Letting the briber go free: An experiment on mitigating harassment bribes”. Journal of Public Economics, vol. 111, pp. 17-28.
Abbink, Klaus, Bernd Irlenbusch y Elke Renner, 2002: “An Experimental Bribery Game”. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, vol. 18, núm. 2, pp. 428-454.
Abbink, Klaus y Danila Serra, 2012: “Anticorruption Policies: Lessons from the Lab”, en Serra, Danila y Leonard Wantchekon (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption. UK, Emeral Group Publishing Limited, pp. 77-115.
Abbink, Klaus y Kevin Wu, 2007: “Reward self-reporting to deter corruption: An experiment on mitigating collusive bribery”. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, núm. 133, pp. 256-272.
Andenaes, Johannes, 2002: “Deterrence”, en Joshua Dressler (ed.), Encyclopedia of crime and justice. 2a edición, New York, Macmillan Reference USA, pp. 507-514.
Basu, Karna, Kaushik Basu y Tito Cordella, 2014: “Asymmetric Punishment as an Instrument of Corruption Control”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, núm. 6933, pp. 1-19. Disponible en: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2458219
Basu, Kaushik, 2011: “Why, for a Class of Bribes, the Act of Giving a Bribe Should Be Treated as Legal.” MPRA,núm. 50335, pp. 1-13. Disponible en: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/50335/
Batory, Agnes, 2012: “Why do anti-corruption laws fail in Central Eastern Europe? A target compliance perspective”. Regulation& Governance, núm. 6, pp. 66-82.
Bigoni, María, Sven-Olof Fridolfsonn, Chloé Le Coq y Giancarlo Spagnolo, 2012: “FINES, LENIENCY, and REWARDS in antitrust”. TheRAND Journal of Economics, vol. 43, núm. 2, pp. 368-390.
Buompadre, Jorge E., 2011: “Exacciones Ilegales”, en David Baigún y Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni (dirs.), Código Penal y normas complementarias. Análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial. 1a ed., Buenos Aires, Hammurabi, pp. 813-840.
Carrió, Genaro R., 2011: Notas sobre Derecho y Lenguaje, 6a ed., Buenos Aires, Abeledo Perrot.
Creus, Carlos y Jorge Eduardo Buompadre, 2007: Derecho penal. Parte especial. Tomo 2. Buenos Aires, Astrea.
Della Porta, Donatella y Alberto Vannucci, 1997: “The ʻPerverse Effectsʼ of Political Corruption”. Political Studies, vol. 45, núm. 3, pp. 516-538.
Donna, Edgardo Alberto, 2007: Derecho Penal: parte especial. Tomo II B. 2a ed., Santa Fe, Rubinzal-Culzoni.
Duff, R. A., 2014: “Towards a Modest Legal Moralism”. Criminal Law and Philosophy, núm. 8, pp. 217-235.
Dufwenberg, Martin y Giancarlo Spagnolo, 2015: “Legalizing bribe giving”. Economic Inquiry, vol. 53, núm. 2, pp. 836-853.
Dworkin, Ronald, 1977: Taking Rights Seriously, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Edwards, James, 2014: “Harm Principles”. Legal Theory, vol. 20, pp. 253-285.
Engel, Christoph, Sebastian J. Goerg y Gaoneng Yu, 2016: “Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Punishment Regimes for Collusive Bribery”. American Law and Economics Review, vol. 18, núm. 2, pp. 506-551.
Falk, Armin y James J. Heckman, 2009: “Lab Experiments are Major Source of Knowledge in the Social Sciences”. Science, núm. 323, pp. 535-538.
Frister, Helmut, 2009: Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil. 4a ed., München, Verlag C. H. Beck. Citado por la traducción castellana de Sancinetti, Marcelo: Derecho penal. Parte General, Buenos Aires, Hammurabi, 2011.
Gómez Pomar, Fernando e Íñigo Ortiz de Urbina Gimeno, 2005: Chantaje e intimidación: un análisis jurídico-económico. Madrid, Thomson-Civitas.
Green, Stuart P. “What’s Wrong With Bribery”, en R. A. Duff. y Stuart P. Green (eds.), 2005: Defining Crimes. Essays on the Special Part of the Criminal Law, New York, Oxford University Press, pp. 143-167.
Hasic, Jasmin, 2018: “Asymmetric Deterrence and Punishment Systems for Combating Collusive Bribery: A Theoretical Examination of Legalizing Bribe-Giving”. Sarajevski žurnal za druŝtvena pitanja, vol. VIII, pp. 39-55.
Hess, David y Thomas W. Dunfee, 2000: “Fighting Corruption: A principled Approach; The C. Principles (Combating Corruption)”. Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 33, pp. 593-626.
Laudan, Larry, 2006: Truth, Error, and Criminal Law. An Essay in Legal Epistemology, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Lambsdorff, Johann Graf, 2010: “Deterrence and constrained enforcement: Alternative regimes to deal with bribery”. Passauer Diskussionspapiere, Volkswirtschaftliche Reihe, 60, pp. 1-39.
Lindgren, James, 1993: “The Theory, History, and Practice of the Bribery-Extortion Distinction”. Universityof Pennsylvania Law Review, vol. 141, pp. 1695-1740.
Nozick, Robert, 1977: Socratic Puzzles. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
Olaizola Nogales, Inés, 1995: “Cohecho y amenazas: la relación entre ambos delitos (A propósito de la STS de 17 de marzo de 1972)”. Poder Judicial, núm. 40, pp. 425-471.
_____________, 1999: El delito de cohecho. Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch.
Olivier, Armantier y Amadou Boly, 2012: “On the external validity of laboratory experiments on corruption”, en Serra, Danila y Wantchekon, Leonard (eds.), New Advances in Experimental Research on Corruption. UK, Emeral Group Publishing Limited.
Orce, Guillermo, 2017: “Fundamentos de la despenalización del cohecho activo. Bases para una discusión”. Revista de Derecho Penal, Abeledo Perrot, núm. 2363, pp. 1-19.
Ortiz, Juan Carlos, 2017: “La delación premiada en España: instrumentos para el fomento de la colaboración con la justicia”. Revista Brasileira de Direito Processual Penal, vol. 3, núm. 1, pp. 39-70.
Peralta, José Milton, 2008: “Prevención como respeto por el orden jurídico”. InDret, núm. 2, pp. 1-32.
_____________, 2016: “La explotación. Una discusión filosófica sobre su ilicitud”. Anuario XVI (2015). Centro de Investigaciones Jurídicas y Sociales, pp. 481-497.
Rawls, John, 1971: A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Citado por la traducción castellana de González, María Dolores: Teoría de la Justicia, 2a ed., México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1995.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan y Bonnie J. Palifka, 2016: Corruptionand Government. Causes, Consequences, and Reform. 2a ed., New York, Cambridge University Press.
Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 2010: “The Law and Economics of Bribery and Extortion”. Annu. Rev. Law. Soc. Sci., núm. 6, pp. 217-238.
Sundström, Aksel, 2019: “Why Do People Pay Bribes? A Survey Experiment with Resource Users”. Social Science Quarterly, vol. 100, núm. 3, pp. 725-735.
Stein, Alex, 2012: “Corrupt Intentions: Bribery, Unlawful Gratuity, and Honest Services Fraud”. Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 75, núm. 2, pp. 61-81.
Stiegler, Charles J., 2012: “Offering Monetary Rewards to Public Whistleblowers: A proposal for Attacking Corruption as Its Source”. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, vol. 9, núm. 2, pp. 815-829.
Stratenwerth, Günter, 2000: Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil I. Die Straftat. Köln, Carl Heymmanns Verlag. Citado por la traducción castellana de Cancio Meliá, Manuel y Sancinetti, Marcelo A.: Derecho penal. Parte general I. El hecho punible, 1a ed., Buenos Aires, Hammurabi, 2008.
Documentos Citados
Grupo de Estados contra la Corrupción (GRECO), 2009a: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Bulgaria Incriminations, pp. 1-25. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documen-tId=09000016806c4e67
_____________, 2009b: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Hungary Incriminations, pp. 1-26. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806c6b2d
_____________, 2009c: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Poland Incriminations, pp. 1-29. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806c7ada
_____________, 2009d: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Romania Incriminations, pp. 1-40. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806c7cc4
________, 2009e: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on the Slovak Republic Incriminations, pp. 1-28. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806ca43d
_____________, 2009f: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Slovenian Incriminations, pp. 1-22. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806ca75
_____________, 2009g: Third Evaluation Round. Evaluation Report on Spain Incriminations, pp. 1-29. Disponible en: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016806c9d6f
Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, 2017: Estado de la aplicación de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas contra la Corrupción. Penalización, aplicación de la ley y cooperación internacional, 2a ed., Viena. Disponible en https://www.unodc.org/documents/mexicoandcentralamerica/publications/Corrupcion/Estado_de_la_aplicacion.pdf
The American Law Institute, 1980: Model Penal Code and Commentaries (Official Draft and Revised Comments), Part II, § 240.0 to 251.4, Philadelphia.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ITAM, the publisher, has the copyright of published articles and remaining types of publications. Publications are in open access and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. That means, among other things, that authors can freely share their articles, once published in Isonomía, on their personal web pages, Academia.edu, etc.. Between formal acceptance and online publication, authors can share the final drafts of their articles. In contrast, authors must seek permission to reproduce or reprint work, and mention, in the first footnote, "previously published in Isonomía, year, n. x, pp. xx-xx"..