Rights of Conquest, Discovery and Occupation, and the Freedom of the Seas
a Genealogy of Natural Resource Injustice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5347/isonomia.v0i54.417Palavras-chave:
conquista, povoamento, mar livre, recursos naturais, injustiçaResumo
Os direitos de conquista, descoberta e ocupação, e a liberdade dos mares: uma genealogia da injustiça sobre os recursos naturais
Este artigo analisa as origens coloniais de três princípios do direito internacional: o direito de conquista, o direito de descoberta e ocupação, e a liberdade dos mares. Defendo que cada um desses direitos foi estabelecido como um princípio jurídico internacional para facilitar a colonização de povos distantes, seus territórios e terras, e para acumular os seus recursos naturais. O artigo analisa como esses direitos foram justificados, o conjunto de poderes exclusivos e imunidades que eles conferiram e como estes estão ligados a três regimes jurídicos modernos diferentes de direitos sobre o espaço natural e os seus recursos: soberania territorial, direitos de propriedade privada sobre terras estrangeiras e os bens comuns marítimos globais. Embora eu exponha as origens moralmente arbitrárias de cada um destes princípios do direito internacional, que refletem as condições e objetivos específicos de certos projetos coloniais, também argumento que os regimes de direitos dos recursos naturais assim institucionalizados são convergentes no sentido de que permitiram um apropriação e exploração nitidamente injusta dos recursos naturais. O artigo aponta ainda as formas pelas quais a lógica e o funcionamento desses regimes continuam a moldar o uso injusto dos recursos naturais até aos dias de hoje.
Referências
Africa Progress Report, 2013: Equity in Extractives. Stewarding Africa’s natural resources for all. Geneva, Africa Progress Panel. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/relatorio-africa-progress-report-2013-pdf-20130511-125153.pdf Accessed February 15, 2021.
Alao, Abiodun, 2007: Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy of Endowment. Rochester, NY, University of Rochester Press.
Anghie, Anthony, 2004: Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law. New York, Oxford University Press.
Arneil, Barbara, 1996: John Locke and America. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
________, 1994: “Trade, Plantations, and Property: John Locke and the Economic Defense of Colonialism”. Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 591-609.
Armstrong, Chris, 2017:Justice and Natural Resources. An Egalitarian Theory. New York, Oxford University Press.
Bakewell, Peter J., 1971: Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico, Zacatecas 1546-1700. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Beckert, Sven, 2015: Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York, Vintage.
Bederman, David J., 2012: “The Sea”, in Fassbender, Bardo, Peters, Anne (eds.), Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 360-379.
Beitz, Charles, 1979: Political Theory and International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Blackstone, William, 2016 (1765-1769): Commentarieson the Laws of England. Scotts Valley, CA, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
Borschberg, Peter, 2002: “The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited”. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 31-62.
Buck, Susan, 1988: The Global Commons. New York, Island Press.
Bufacchi, Vittorio, 2017: “Colonialism, Injustice, and Arbitrariness”. Journal of Social Philosophy Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 197-211.
Craven, Matthew, 2012: “Colonialism and Domination”, in Fassbender, Bardo, Peters, Anne (eds.), Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 862-889.
Cronon, William, 1983: Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York, Hill and Wang.
Cotula, Lorenzo, 2013: Great African Land Grab? Agricultural Investments and the Global Food System. London, Zed Books.
De Schutter, Oliver, 2011: “The Green Rush: The Global Race for Farmland and the Rights of Lands Users”. Harvard International Law Journal Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 504-559.
Edelman, Marc; Oya, Carlos; Borras, Saturnino M. Jr. (eds.), 2016: Global Land Grabs. History, Theory and Methods. Abingdon, Routledge.
Elliott, John H., 2006: Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830. New Haven, Yale University Press.
________,1966: Imperial Spain 1469-1716. New York, Mentor Books.
FAO, 2018: The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018. Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome, http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf Accessed 23.11.2020.
Fitzmaurice, Andrew, 2011: “Powhatan Legal Claims”, in Belmessous, Saliha (ed.), Native Claims. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 85-106.
Foucault, Michel, 1981: “The Order of Discourse”, in Young, Richard (ed.), Untying the Text: A Post-Structuralist Reader. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
García-Salmones Rovira, Mónica, 2019: “The Impasse of Human Rights: A Note on Human Rights, Natural Rights and Continuities in International Law”. Journal of the History of International Law Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 518-562.
________, 2017: “The Disorder of Economy? The First Relectio de Indis in a Theological Perspective”, in Kadelbach, Stefan, Kleinlein, Thomas, Roth-Isigkeit, David (eds.), System, Order and International Law – The Early History of International Legal Thought from Machiavelli to Hegel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 443-463.
Gilbert, Jéremie, 2018: Natural Resources and Human Rights: An Appraisal. New York, Oxford University Press.
Greer, Allan, 2010: “Commons and Enclosure in the Colonization of North America”. American Historical Review Vol. 117, No. 2, pp. 365-386.
Grotius, Hugo, 2004 (1609): The Free Sea. Translated by Richard Hakluyt. Indianapolis, Liberty Fund.
Hanke, Lewis, 1949: The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hurley, Denis, 2011: “Spanish Colonial Economies: An Overview of the Economy of the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1542-1600”. Ezra’s Archives Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-20.
Izbicki, Thomas, Kaufmann, Matthias, 2019: “School of Salamanca”, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/school-salamanca. Accessed January 27, 2021.
Kagan, Robert, 2007: DangerousNation. America’s Foreign Policy from its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century. New York, Vintage.
Kelsen, Hans, 2006 (1945): General Theory of Law & State. New York, Transaction Publishers
Klare, Michael T., 2012: The Race for What’s Left: The Global Scramble for the World’s Last Resources. New York, Picador.
________, 2002: ResourceWars: The New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York, Henry Holt and Company.
Korman, Sharon, 1996: The Right of Conquest. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
Koskenniemi, Martti, 2017: “Sovereignty, Property, and Empire: Early Modern English Contexts”. Theoretical Inquiries in Law Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 355-389.
Lauterpacht, Hersch, 1927: Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law. London, Longmans, Green and Co.
Liberti, Stefano, 2013: Land Grabbing: Journeys in the New Colonialism. London, Verso.
Lindley, Mark Frank, 1926: The Acquisition and Government of Backward Territory in International Law. London, Longmans, Green.
Locke, John, 2003: Political Writings. Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing.
Marx, Karl, 1954 (1867): Capital, Volume I. London, Lawrence & Wishart.
Miller, Robert J., Ruru, Jacinta, Behrendt, Larissa, Lindbergh, Tracey, 2010: Discovering Indigenous Lands. The Doctrine of Discovery in the English Colonies. New York, Oxford University Press.
Ormrod, David, 2003: The Rise of Commercial Empires. England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650-1170. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Pagden, Anthony, 1995: Lords of All the World. Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c.1500-c.1800. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Rossi, Christopher C., 2017: Sovereignty and Territorial Temptation. The Grotian Tendency. New York, Cambridge University Press.
Scott, Anthony, 2008: TheEvolution of Resource Property Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stapelbroek, Koen, 2012: “Trade, Chartered Companies, and Mercantile Associations”, in Fassbender, Bardo, Peters, Anne (eds.), Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 338-359.
Steiner, Hillel, 2011: “Sharing Mother Nature’s Gifts: A reply to Quong and Miller”. Journal of Political Philosophy Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 110-123.
Teschke, Benno, 2003: The Myth of 1648. Class, Geopolitics, and the Making of Modern International Relations. London, Verso.
________, 2002: “Theorizing the Westphalian System of States: International Relations from Absolutism to Capitalism”. European Journal of International Relations Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 5-48.
Tuck, Richard, 1999: The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Tucker, Richard W., 1977: The Inequality of Nations. New York, Basic Books.
Tully, James, 1993: An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Context. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Van Ittersum, Martine, 2006: Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies, 1595-1615. Leiden, Brill Academic Publishers.
Vaughan, Alden T., 1979: New England Frontier. Puritans and Indians 1620-1675. Norman and London, University of Oklahoma Press.
Vitoria, Francisco de, 1991: “On the American Indians”, in Pagden, Anthony, Lawrance, Jeremy (eds.), Vitoria: Political Writings. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 231-292.
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 1974: The Modern World-System. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, Academic Press.
Ward, Kerry, 2009: Networks of Empire. Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Wenar, Leif, 2016: Blood Oil. Tyrants, Violence, and the Rules that Run the World. New York, Oxford University Press.
Whyte, Kyle, 2018: “Settler Colonialism, Ecology, and Environmental Injustice”. Environment and Society: Advances in Research Vol. 9, pp. 125-144.
Wolf, Eric R., 1982: Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley, University of California.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
ITAM, responsable de la publicación de la Revista, tiene los derechos de autor sobre los artículos publicados y el resto de las contribuciones. Las publicaciones están en acceso abierto y bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Esto significa, entre otras cosas, que los autores pueden compartir libremente sus artículos, una vez publicados en Isonomía, en sus páginas web personales, Academia.edu, etc. Entre la aceptación formal y la publicación en línea, los autores pueden compartir los borradores finales de sus artículos. En cambio, los autores deben pedir permiso para reproducir o reimprimir el trabajo, y mencionar, en la primera nota a pie de página, "publicado previamente en Isonomía, año, n. x, pp. xx-xx".
